Combined anterior and posterior ring fixation versus posterior ring fixation alone in the management of unstable Tile B and C pelvic ring injuries: A randomized controlled trial / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Combined anterior and posterior ring (APR) fixation is classically performed in Tile B2 and C1 injuries to achieve superior biomechanical stability. However, the posterior ring (PR) is the main weight bearing portion that is responsible for weight transmission from the upper parts of the body to the lower limbs through the sacrum and the linea terminalis. It is hypothesized that isolated PR fixation can achieve comparable radiological and clinical outcomes to APR fixation. Therefore, we conducted this study to compare the two fixation principles in managing Tile B2 and C1 injuries.@*METHODS@#Our study included 20 patients with Tile B2 injuries and 20 patients with Tile C1 injuries. This study was a randomized control single-blinded study via computerized random numbers with a 1:1 allocation by using random block method. The study was performed at a level one trauma center. A total of 40 patients with Tile B2 and C1 injuries underwent combined APR or isolated PR fixation (Group A and B, respectively). Matta & Tornetta radiological principles and Majeed pelvic scoring system were used for the assessment of primary outcomes and postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes included operative time, amount of blood loss, intraoperative assessment of reduction, need of another operation, length of hospital stay, ability to weight bear postoperatively and pain control metrics. We used student t-test to compare the difference in means between two groups, and Chi-square test to compare proportions between two qualitative parameters. We set the confidence interval to 95% and the margin of error accepted to 5%. So, p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*RESULTS@#The mean follow-up duration was 18 months. The operative time (mean difference 0.575 h) and the intraoperative blood loss (mean difference 97.5 mL) were lower in Group B. Also, despite the higher frequency of rami displacement before union in the same group, there were no significant differences in terms of radiological outcome (excellent outcome with OR = 2.357), clinical outcome (excellent outcome with OR = 2.852) and postoperative complications assessment (OR = 1.556) at last follow-up.@*CONCLUSION@#The authors concluded that isolated PR fixation could favorably manage Tile B2 and C1 pelvic ring injuries with Nakatani zone II pubic rami fractures and intact inguinal ligament. Its final radiological and clinical outcomes and postoperative complications were comparable to combined APR fixation, but with less morbidity (shorter operation time, lower amount of blood, and no records of postoperative wound infection).

Primer registro de angioembolización de arterias hipogástricas en contexto de trauma pélvico en Uruguay / First report of hypogastric arteries angioembolization within the context of pelvic trauma in Uruguay / Primeiro registro de angioembolização de artérias hipogástricas no contexto de traumatismo pélvico no Uruguai

Resumen: El trauma pélvico grave es una situación de extrema gravedad con alta mortalidad, siendo la principal causa de muerte el shock hemorrágico persistente, secundario a varias fuentes de sangrado óseas, viscerales y principalmente venosas y arteriales. Las medidas iniciales van dirigidas a disminuir el volumen de la cavidad pélvica y la reposición hemostática. En los últimos años evidencia creciente respalda la utilización de la angioembolización en el manejo de estos pacientes. Presentamos a través de un caso clínico el primer reporte en Uruguay de angioembolización no selectiva de ambas arterias hipogástricas en el manejo del trauma pélvico grave. Discutiremos a través de un caso clínico la fisiopatología del trauma pélvico grave y principalmente las indicaciones, resultados y complicaciones de la angioembolización.

Summary: Pelvic trauma is an extremely severe condition accounting for high mortality rates, and is the first cause of death in persistent hemorrhagic shock, secondary to several sources of bleeding, such as bone, viscera and mainly veins and arteries. Initial measures aim to reduce the volume of the pelvic cavity and to restore hemostasis. In recent years, growing evidence supports the use of angioembolization in the handling of these patients. The study presents, through a clinical case, the first report in Uruguay of non-selective angioembolization of both hypogastric arteries in the handling of severe pelvic trauma. We will discuss the pathophysiology of severe pelvic trauma through a clinical case, mainly in terms of indications, results and complications of angioembolization.

Resumo: O traumatismo pélvico grave é uma situação extremamente complicada com alta mortalidade, sendo a principal causa de morte o choque hemorrágico persistente, secundário a várias fontes de sangramento ósseas, viscerais e principalmente venosas e arteriais. As medidas iniciais têm como objetivo diminuir o volume da cavidade pélvica e a reposição hemostática. Nos últimos anos, evidências crescentes apoiam o uso da angioembolização no gerenciamento desses pacientes. Apresentamos um caso clínico com o primeiro registro no Uruguai de angioembolização não seletiva de ambas as artérias hipogástricas no manejo de traumas pélvicos graves. Discutiremos a fisiopatologia do traumatismo pélvico grave e principalmente as indicações, resultados e complicações da angioembolização.

Effect of computer virtual technique combined with pelvic reduction frame in the treatment of type C pelvic fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the short-term clinical effect of the computer virtual technique combined with pelvic reduction frame in the treatment of complex pelvic fractures.@*METHODS@#Thirty patients with Tile C pelvic fractures treated by percutaneous minimally invasive pelvic reduction frame from April 2018 to April 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, including 21 males and 9 females, aged from 19 to 57 (39.40±9.85) years old. The patient's pelvic CT DICOM data were imported into Mimics software to reconstruct the virtual fracture model. Virtual reduction and nail placement were carried out on the fracture model, and then simulated fluoroscopy was carried out to record the ideal fluoroscopy orientation and angle to guide the correct fluoroscopy during operation. The operation time, fluoroscopy times and intraoperative blood loss were recorded. The quality of fracture reduction was evaluated by Matta image score standard, and the postoperative function was evaluated by Majeed function score standard.@*RESULTS@#All 30 patients achieved closed reduction and percutaneous screw fixation. According to Matta score, the excellent and good rate of fracture reduction was 93.3%(28/30). A total of 67 channel screws were inserted, and the excellent and good rate was 98.5%(66/67). The operation time was (173.54±79.31) min, fluoroscopy time was (90.81±41.11) times, intraoperative blood loss was (81.21±43.97) ml. All incisions healed at one stage without broken nails or re-displacement of fractures. All patients were followed up for 12 months. At the final follow-up, Majeed function score was 73 to 94(85.66±5.33) scores.@*CONCLUSION@#Computer virtual technology combined with pelvic reduction frame could rapidly, accurately and safely reduce and fix unstable pelvic fractures. Computer virtualization could help surgeons to recognition and understanding pelvic fractures, pelvic reduction frame could improve the surgeon's ability to manage complex and unstable pelvic injuries.

Osteosíntesis en una fractura por estrés del pubis. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Osteosynthesis in a pubic stress fracture. Case report and literature review

La fractura por estrés del pubis es un cuadro poco frecuente, se ha descrito en corredores de larga distancia y reclutas militares. Se han publicado 193 casos que fueron tratados de forma conservadora. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un caso resuelto de manera alternativa, analizar los casos ya publicados, las enfermedades asociadas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento. Se presenta el caso de una paciente añosa, deportista, con fractura por estrés del pubis, que no respondió al tratamiento conservador y fue tratada con cirugía. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente, retornó a sus actividades y el dolor desapareció. La indicación del tratamiento no solo debe limitarse al grado de inestabilidad de la fractura, sino que también se debe considerar el contexto médico y social del enfermo. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Pubic stress fracture (PSF) is a rare condition, described in long-distance runners and military recruits. One hundred and ninety-three conservatively managed cases have been documented in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to report an alternatively resolved case, and to review previously reported cases, associated pathologies, diagnosis, and treatment. We report a case of an elderly patient, sportingly active, with PSF, who did not respond to conservative treatment and was surgically treated. Follow-up of the patient was favorable with remission of pain and return to activities. The indication for treatment should not be limited only to the degree of instability of the fracture, but should also take into account the medical and social context of the patient. Level of Evidence: IV

Hemodynamically unstable pelvic fracture: A damage control surgical algorithm that fits your reality / Trauma pélvico e inestabilidad hemodinámica: Un algoritmo quirúrgico de control de daños que se adapta con su realidad

Abstract Pelvic fractures occur in up to 25% of all severely injured trauma patients and its mortality is markedly high despite advances in resuscitation and modernization of surgical techniques due to its inherent blood loss and associated extra-pelvic injuries. Pelvic ring volume increases significantly from fractures and/or ligament disruptions which precludes its inherent ability to self-tamponade resulting in accumulation of hemorrhage in the retroperitoneal space which inevitably leads to hemodynamic instability and the lethal diamond. Pelvic hemorrhage is mainly venous (80%) from the pre-sacral/pre-peritoneal plexus and the remaining 20% is of arterial origin (branches of the internal iliac artery). This reality can be altered via a sequential management approach that is tailored to the specific reality of the treating facility which involves a collaborative effort between orthopedic, trauma and intensive care surgeons. We propose two different management algorithms that specifically address the availability of qualified staff and existing infrastructure: one for the fully equipped trauma center and another for the very common limited resource center.

Resumen Las fracturas de pelvis ocurren en más del 25% de los pacientes con trauma severo y su mortalidad es alta, a pesar de los avances en la resucitación hemodinámica y las técnicas quirúrgicas. Esta mortalidad se explica por la hemorragia inherente y las lesiones extra pélvicas asociadas, las fracturas o las disrupciones ligamentarias de la pelvis aumentan el volumen del espacio pélvico, y conlleva a que la hemorragia pélvica se acumule en el espacio retroperitoneal. En poco tiempo, esto conduce a la inestabilidad hemodinámica y el rombo de la muerte. La hemorragia pélvica es un 80% venosa proveniente de los plexos pre-sacro / pre-peritoneal. El restante 20% es arterial por sangrado de las ramas de la arteria iliaca interna. Esta realidad podría ser cambiada a través de un manejo secuencial enfocado según la disposición de recursos del centro de atención y de un trabajo colaborativo entre ortopedistas, cirujanos de trauma e intensivistas. Este articulo propone dos algoritmos de manejo que están enfocados según la disponibilidad de un equipo calificado e infraestructura existente: uno para un centro de trauma totalmente equipado, y el otro para un centro con recursos limitados.

Optimizing Pelvic X-Ray indication in blunt trauma patients using clinical criteria / Uso de critérios clínicos para a otimização da indicação de radiografia simples de pelve das vítimas de trauma fechado

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify a subgroup of blunt trauma patients with very low chance of sustaining pelvic fractures based on clinical criteria. Methods: retrospective analysis of the trauma registry data, collected in a period of 24 months. We selected adult blunt trauma patients who had a PXR on admission. The frequency of pelvic fractures was calculated for the following groups: Normal neurological examination at admission (NNE), hemodynamical stability (HS), normal pelvic examination at admission (NPE), less than 60 years old (ID<60) and absence of distracting injuries (ADI). Logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to create a probability model of negative PXR. Results: an abnormal PXR was identified in 101 (3.3%) out of the 3,055 patients who had undergone a PXR at admission. Out of these, 1,863 sustained a NNE, with 38 positive CXRs (2.0%) in this group. Considering only the 1,535 patients with NNE and HS, we found 28 positive PXRs (1.8%). Out of these, 1,506 have NPE, with 21 abnormal PXRs (1.4%). Of these, 1,202 were younger than 60 y, with 11 positive PXRs (0.9%). By adding all these criteria to the ADI, we found 2 abnormal PXRs in 502 (0.4%) cases. The probability model including all these variables had a 0,89 area under the ROC curve. Conclusions: by adding clinical criteria, it is possible to identify a group of trauma patients with very low chance of sustaining pelvic fractures. The necessity of PXR in these patients needs to be reassessed.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar, baseados em critérios clínicos, grupo de vítimas de trauma fechado com baixa probabilidade de apresentar fraturas na radiografia simples de pelve à admissão (RXP). Método: análise retrospectiva dos dados de registro de trauma em um período de 24 meses. Foram selecionados adultos vítimas de trauma fechado que realizaram RXP à admissão. A frequência de fraturas de pelve foi calculada nos seguintes grupos: exame neurológico normal à admissão (ExNN), estabilidade hemodinâmica (EH), exame da pelve normal à admissão (ExPN), idade inferior a 60 anos (ID<60) e ausência de lesões distrativas (ALD). Estas variáveis foram sobrepostas, na tentativa de identificar um grupo com a menor frequência de fraturas de pelve. Por meio de regressão logística, foi criado modelo preditivo de "ausência" de fraturas de pelve. Resultados: foram identificados 101 (3,3%) RXP positivos dentre os 3.055 realizados. Nos 1.863 pacientes com ExNN, identificamos 39 RXP alteradas (2,1%). Nos 1.535 com ExNN e EH, observaram-se 28 RXP alteradas (1,8%). Nos 1.506 com ExNN, EH e ExPN, identificamos 21 com RXP positiva (1,4%). Dos 1.202 com ExNN, EH, ExPN e ID<60, 11 tinham RXP alteradas (0,9%). Dos 502 com ExNN, EH, ExPN, ID<60 e ALD, houve apenas 2 RXP anormais (0,4%). O modelo preditivo derivado da regressão logística, apresentou área sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,89. Conclusões: é possível identificar grupo vítimas de trauma fechado com probabilidade muito baixa de apresentar fraturas pélvicas com base em critérios clínicos. A necessidade de RXP neste grupo deve ser revista.

Pelvic insufficiency: underdiagnosed condition, therapeutic diagnostic review / Insuficiência pélvica e condição subdiagnosticada: revisão diagnóstica terapêutica / Insuficiencia pélvica: condición subdiagnosticada, revisión diagnóstica terapéutica

ABSTRACT Objective: The importance of sacral fractures has recently been recognized. However, its diagnosis is difficult, both clinically and through image, but there are more options for comprehensive diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a literature review about its diagnosis and the treatments currently offered, and also to check which treatments had the best results. Results: Patients with pelvic insufficiency have limited mobility due to lumbar or pelvic pain. As radiculopathy is a neurologically stable condition, it has a reported incidence of only 5% and sphincter disorders. The pain improves when lying down and increases with load. The treatments vary from conservative to surgical. Discussion: The different treatments were compared, and the one that has more morbidity is the conservative, because it predisposes us to complications (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, heart failure, decubitus ulcers); in the interventionists we observe a faster improvement to normal activity of these patients, the complications are minor and the pain improvement is noticeable and much faster. Conclusion: Fractures due to pelvic insufficiency are underdiagnosed. However, there are already better imaging techniques and combined with good exploration and clinical history we can suspect this condition and offer the best possible treatment, these being the invasive ones that have had better results with lower morbidity and recovery of activity much more quickly. Level of Evidence III; Review of therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Objetivo: As fraturas por insuficiência pélvica são frequentemente ignoradas nos idosos e nos outros grupos de risco com dor lombar e dor pélvica após um trauma de baixa energia. A importância das fraturas sacrais foi recentemente reconhecida. O diagnóstico é difícil, tanto clinicamente e por imagem, mas há mais opções para o diagnóstico abrangente. Métodos: Uma revisão da literatura sobre o diagnóstico e os tratamentos oferecidos, e qual foi o que teve o melhor resultado. Resultados: Pacientes com insuficiência pélvica apresentam mobilidade limitada, devido a dor lombar aguda ou pélvica, sem evidência de trauma. Neurologicamente estável, a radiculopatia tem uma incidência relatada de 5% e distúrbios do esfíncter. A dor melhora quando se deita e aumenta com a carga. Os tratamentos variam de conservador a cirúrgico. Os diferentes tratamentos foram comparados, sendo o mais conservador o qual apresenta maior morbidade, pois predispõe complicações (pneumonia, embolia pulmonar, trombose venosa profunda, insuficiência cardíaca, úlceras por decúbito) e o intervencionista apresenta uma rápida melhora da atividade normal desses pacientes, as complicações são menores e a melhora da dor é notável e muito mais rápida. Conclusão: Fraturas devido a insuficiência pélvica ainda são pouco diagnosticadas. No entanto, já existem técnicas melhores de imagem e, combinadas com boa exploração e história clínica, podemos suspeitar dessa enfermidade e oferecer o melhor tratamento possível, sendo os invasivos que tiveram melhores resultados, com menor morbidade e recuperação das atividades mais rapidamente. Nível de Evidência III; Revisão de estudos terapêuticos - Inquérito aos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Las fracturas por insuficiencia pélvica son frecuentemente ignoradas en las personas de tercera edad y otros grupos de riesgo con dolor lumbar y pélvico después de un trauma de baja energía. La importancia de las fracturas sacras fue recientemente reconocida. El diagnóstico es difícil, tanto por clínica y de imagen, pero hay más opciones para el diagnóstico amplio. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre el diagnóstico y los tratamientos ofrecidos y cuál fue el que tuvo el mejor resultado. Resultados: Los pacientes con insuficiencia pélvica presentan movilidad limitada debido al dolor lumbar o pélvico. Neurologicamente estables, radiculopatia con incidencia del 5% y transtornos en los esfinteres. El dolor mejora al acostarse y aumenta con la carga. Los tratamientos varían de conservador y quirúrgico. Fue realizada la comparación entre los diferentes tratamientos, siendo que el que tiene más morbilidad es el conservador, ya que nos predispone a complicaciones (neumonía, embolia pulmonar, trombosis venosa profunda, insuficiencia cardíaca, úlceras por decúbito), y en los intervencionistas se encuentra una rápida mejora de la actividad normal de esos pacientes, las complicaciones son menores y la mejoría del dolor es notable y mucho más rápida. Conclusión: Las fracturas debido a la insuficiencia pélvica aún son poco diagnosticadas. Sin embargo, ya existen mejores técnicas de imagen y combinadas con buena exploración e historia clínica, podemos sospechar de esa entidad y ofrecer el mejor tratamiento posible, siendo estos los invasivos que tuvieron mejores resultados con menor morbilidad y recuperación de la actividad más rápidamente.Nivel de Evidencia III; Revisión de estudios terapéuticos -Investigación de los resultados de tratamiento.

Tratamiento Quirúrgico de la estenosis bulbomembranosa secundaria a fractura pelviana: resultados funcionales / Bulbomenbranous Urethral Stricture After Pelvic Fracture: Surgical Managment and Functional Outcomes

Objetivos: La incidencia de lesión uretral bulboprostática secundaria a fractura pelviana es del 5-10%. Una uretroplastia exitosa garantiza el comienzo de la rehabilitación de los pacientes. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de la estenosis uretral secundaria a fractura pelviana y resultados funcionales: tasa de éxito, reestenosis, disfunción eréctil e incontinencia urinaria. Evaluamos si existe asociación entre la falta de erecciones postrauma y la reestenosis. Materiales y métodos: Cincuenta y tres pacientes fueron operados durante el período comprendido entre 2001 y 2015. Todos fueron estudiados con cistoscopia flexible, cistouretrografía retrógrada y miccional. La técnica quirúrgica empleada fue la resección y anastomosis primaria. Se utilizó siempre la sistemática del abordaje perineal progresivo para lograr una anastomosis sin tensión. Interrogamos sobre la calidad de las erecciones posterior al trauma y después de la cirugía, y su estado de continencia urinaria. Se realizó un análisis estadístico donde se evaluó si la falta de erecciones era un factor de riesgo para recaída. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 34,5 (r=17-67) años. La longitud promedio de la estenosis fue de 2,28 cm, siendo la uretra bulbomembranosa la más afectada (89%). La tasa de éxito fue del 86% (46/53), que asciende al 94% (50/53) al asociar un procedimiento endoscópico. Un solo paciente refirió disfunción eréctil postcirugía (1/19; 5,3%). Dos (3,7%) pacientes evolucionaron con incontinencia de orina de esfuerzo. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el grupo de pacientes con erecciones y aquellos sin erecciones en cuanto a la posibilidad de reestenosis. Conclusiones: La anastomosis bulbomembranosa por vía perineal es el tratamiento de elección de la estenosis uretral postfractura pelviana. Los índices de incontinencia de orina y disfunción eréctil no aumentan significativamente luego de la uretroplastia. En nuestra experiencia, la falta de erecciones preoperatoria no predice mayor índice de recaídas(AU)

Objectives: Bulboprostatic urethral stricture after pelvic fracture occurs in about 5-10%. A successful urethroplasty guarantees the beginning of patient recovery. We present our experience in the surgical management of posterior urethral stricture after pelvic fracture and functional outcomes (success and failure rates, erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence). The association between the lack of erections post-trauma and the incidence of restenosis was also evaluated. Materials and methods: 53 patients were operated between 2001- 2015. Preop workout included a flexible cystoscopy and a combination of retrograde and voiding cystourethrogram to define the site and length of urethral stricture. Resection and primary anastomosis was the technique always employed. In all cases the progressive perineal approach was followed in order to achieve a tension free anastomosis. Erectile function and urinary continence were evaluated before and after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate if lack of erections was a failure predictor. Results: Median age was 34.5 (r=17-67) years. Median urethral stricture length was 2.28 cm. Bulbomembranous junction was the most affected portion (89%). Success rate was 86% (46/53) ascending to 94% (50/53) when an endoscopic procedure was associated. One patient referred erectile dysfunction after surgery (1/19; 5.3%). Two patients (3.7%) developed stress urinary incontinence. The restenosis rate did not show statiscally differences between the erectile dysfunction and non-erectile dysfunction group. Conclusions: Perineal bulbomembranous anastomosis is the elected procedure for urethral stricture after pelvic fracture. Incidence of urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction are not significantly elevated after urethroplasty. In our experience, lack of erections before surgery does not predict a higher rate of restenosis(AU)

Epidemiology of pelvic ring fractures and injuries / Estudo epidemiológico das fraturas e lesões do anel pélvico

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the pelvic ring fractures and injuries in patients admitted to and treated at this ward between August, 2012 and January, 2014. METHODS: 66 patients were submitted to treatment protocols according to their age, gender, skin color, injury mechanism, location of the trauma, classification of their injuries, emergency intervention, associated injuries, injured side of the body, treatment, and mortality. The most relevant data were classified according to statistic procedures, such as Goodman's association test. Measures were compared with Student's t-test and analysis of variance associated with Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: The mean age was 47 years; white race and male gender were most common. Car or truck accident was the most common cause of injuries, which occurred mainly in urban sites. Type A injuries were the most frequent. 16.6% of the cases were submitted to emergency surgery. 42.4% displayed associated injuries. The right side of the body was the most commonly affected side. Non-invasive treatment was most commonly used. Death was the outcome in 3% of the cases, associated to high-energy trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic ring fractures and injuries are more often verified among males. In general and among younger individuals, traffic accidents are the most common cause of the injury, while among the elderly, ordinary falls are the most commonly verified cause. The majority of those injuries are suffered in urban areas. Type A fractures are more frequent. The majority of cases do not require emergency intervention nor do they feature associated injuries. Non-invasive treatment is most common and death outcomes are associated to high-energy traumas with severe injuries.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Estudo das fraturas/lesões do anel pélvico atendidas e tratadas neste serviço de agosto de 2012 a janeiro de 2014. MÉTODOS: Elaborou-se um protocolo para os 66 pacientes, consideraram-se os dados: idade, sexo, cor, mecanismo da lesão, local do trauma, classificação das lesões, intervenção de urgência, lesões associadas, lado acometido, tratamento e óbito. Para os dados de maior interesse foram usados os procedimentos estatísticos que envolveram o teste de associação de Goodman e as técnicas de comparações de medidas por meio do teste t de Student e da análise de variância complementada com as comparações múltiplas de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A idade média foi de 47 anos; pacientes do sexo masculino e brancos foram mais frequentes. A causa mais comum das lesões foi acidente carro/caminhão e a zona urbana foi o local onde elas mais ocorreram. Fraturas tipo A foram as mais frequentes. Em 16,6% dos pacientes, foi necessária cirurgia de urgência e 42,4% apresentaram lesão associada. O lado direito foi mais acometido. O tratamento incruento foi o mais usado e o óbito ocorreu em 3%, em casos de trauma de alta energia. CONCLUSÕES: As fraturas/lesões do anel pélvico são mais frequentes no sexo masculino. De modo geral e em jovens, o acidente de trânsito é o mecanismo mais frequente, já em idosos é queda banal. A maioria das lesões ocorre na zona urbana. Fraturas do tipo A são as mais frequentes. A maioria não necessita de intervenção de urgência e não apresenta lesões associadas. O tratamento incruento é o mais usado e os óbitos estão associados a trauma de alta energia com graves lesões associadas

Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso / Mortality predictors in patients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação de mortalidade com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, lesões e complicações em pacientes com trauma de pelve decorrente de trauma contuso. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e observacional com dados de registro de trauma obtidos durante cinco anos. O óbito foi a variável de estratificação das análises. Para verificar se as variáveis de interesse tinham associação com o óbito, foi realizado o teste t de Student e teste do Qui-quadrado (ou Fisher) e Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney. Os fatores independentemente associados ao óbito foram analisados por modelo logístico binomial, e com base nos testes de Wald e por Critérios de Informação de Akaike (AIC) e Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC). Resultados: dos 28 pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso, 23 (82,1%) eram homens; 16 (57,1%) com média de idade de 38,8 anos (desvio padrão 17,3). Houve 98 lesões ou fraturas nos 28 pacientes. Quanto à gravidade, sete pacientes tiveram Injury Severity Score superior a 24 (25%). O tempo de internação hospitalar médio foi 26,8 dias (DP=22,4). Quinze pacientes (53,6%) tiveram internação em UTI. A incidência de óbito foi de 21,4%. A análise mostrou que idade igual ou maior do que 50 anos e presença de coagulopatia foram fatores independentemente associados ao óbito. Conclusão: as fraturas de pelve podem ter mortalidade elevada. Neste estudo a mortalidade foi superior ao que é descrito na literatura. A idade acima de 50 anos e a coagulopatia se revelaram fatores de risco nessa população.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association of mortality with sociodemographic and clinical variables, as well as lesions and complication in patients with pelvic trauma due to blunt trauma. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, observational study with five-year trauma record data. Death was considered as the main stratification variable for the analyzes. We used the Student t test to compare means, the Chi-Square or Fisher exact test for proportions, and the Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test for medians. We analyzed the independent factors using a logistic regression model with penalized likelihood, based on the Wald tests, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results: of the 28 patients with blunt trauma fracture, 23 (82.1%) were men; 16 (57.1%) were, in average, 38.8 years old (±17.3). There were 98 lesions or fractures in the 28 patients. As for severity, seven people had Injury Severity Score higher than 24 (25%). The mean hospital stay was 26.8 days (±22.4). Fifteen patients (53.6%) had ICU admission. Mortality was 21.4%. The analysis showed that age 50 years or more and presence of coagulopathy were factors independently associated with death. Conclusion: pelvic fractures can have high mortality. In this study, mortality was higher than that described in the literature. Age above 50 years and the presence of coagulopathy are risk factors in this population.

Forensic Analysis of the Characteristics of Pelvic Fracture in 65 Road Traffic Accident Death Cases / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the characteristics and mechanisms of pelvic fractures in the cases of road traffic accident deaths.@*METHODS@#Total 65 cases of road traffic accident deaths with pelvic fracture were collected, and the sites, characteristics and injury mechanisms of pelvic fracture were statistically analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 65 cases of pelvic fracture, 38 cases of dislocation of sacroiliac joint were found, and most combined with pubis symphysis separation or fracture of pubis. In the fractures of pubis, ischium and acetabulum, linear fractures were most common, while comminuted fractures were most common in sacrum and coccyx fractures. There were 54 cases combined with pelvic soft tissue injury, and 8 cases with pelvic organ injury and 44 cases with abdominal organ injury. In the types of pelvic ring injury, 32 cases were separation, 49.32%, followed by compression, 26.15% and only one case was verticality, 1.54%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Detailed and comprehensive examination of the body and determination of the pelvic fracture type contribute to analyze the mechanisms of injury.

Stoppa Approach for Anterior Plate Fixation in Unstable Pelvic Ring Injury

BACKGROUND: The Stoppa (intrapelvic) approach has been introduced for the treatment of pelvic-acetabular fractures; it allows easy exposure of the pelvic brim, where the bone quality is optimal for screw fixation. The purpose of our study was to investigate the surgical outcomes of unstable pelvic ring injuries treated using the Stoppa approach for stable anterior ring fixation. METHODS: We analyzed 22 cases of unstable pelvic ring injury treated with plate fixation of the anterior ring with the Stoppa approach. We excluded cases of nondisplaced rami fracture, simple symphyseal diastasis, and parasymphyseal fractures, which can be easily treated with other techniques. The average age of the study patients was 41 years (range, 23 to 61 years). There were 10 males and 12 females. According to the Young and Burgess classification, there were 12 lateral compression, 4 anteroposterior compression, and 6 vertical shear fracture patterns. The fracture location on the anterior ring was near the iliopectineal eminence in all cases and exposure of the pelvic brim was required for plate fixation. All patients were placed in the supine position. For anterior plate fixation, all screws were applied to the anterior ramus distally and directed above the hip joint proximally. Radiologic outcomes were assessed by union time and quality of reduction by Matta method. The Merle d'Aubigne-Postel score was used to evaluate the functional results. RESULTS: The average radiologic follow-up period was 16 months (range, 10 to 51 months). All fractures united at an average of 3.5 months (range, 3 to 5 months). According to the Matta method, the quality of reduction was classified as follows: 16 anatomical (73%) and 6 nearly anatomical (27%) reductions. There were no cases of screw or implant loosening before bone healing. The functional results were classified as 7 excellent (32%), 12 good (55%), and 3 fair (13%) by the Merle d'Aubigne-Postel score. There were no wound complications, neurovascular injuries, or other complications related to the surgical approach. CONCLUSIONS: Stable anterior ring fixation placed via the Stoppa approach can result in excellent reduction and stable screw fixation with a low complication rate.

Fractura de pelvis en la edad pediátrica, experiencia en Hospital Clínico San Borja Arriaran / Pelvic fracture in pediatric age: experience in hospital clínico San Borja Arriaran

La fractura de pelvis en niños es infrecuente. Su incidencia es 2,4-7.5 por ciento de las fracturas. El mecanismo de daño es traumatismos de alta energía. El diagnostico se realiza con radiografía y TAC de pelvis. El tratamiento puede ser conservador o quirúrgico, según: edad, clasificación, estabilidad del anillo, lesiones concomitantes y hemodinamia. La mayoría es conservador. En este estudio describimos el manejo de esta patología en el SOTI del HCSBA. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, de 6 pacientes entre los años 2005-2014, analizamos: sexo, edad, mecanismo de daño, tratamiento recibido, tiempo de recuperación, seguimiento y complicaciones. Resultados: 83,3 por ciento correspondió al sexo femenino, la edad promedio fue 11,3 años, el daño ocurrió por: atropello (50 por ciento),accidente de tránsito (33,3 por ciento) y caída de altura (16,7 por ciento), los tratamientos fueron: conservador (83,3 por ciento) y quirúrgico (16,7 por ciento), la marcha se inició en promedio a las 3,6 semanas, la media de meses de seguimiento fue de 5,1; las complicaciones fueron inherentes a la fractura .Discusión: la literatura coincide con los resultados obtenidos con respecto a edad, mecanismo de daño y tratamiento. En cuanto a la recuperación, no se encontró tiempo específico. Conclusiones: el manejo realizado en este centro es acorde a la evidencia actual.

The pelvic fracture in children is rare. Its incidence is 2,4-7.5% of fractures. The mechanism of injury high energy trauma. The diagnosis is made with radiographs and CT pelvis. Treatment can be conservative or surgical, according to age, classification, stability ring, concomitant injuries and hemodynamics. Most are conservative. In this study we describe the management of this condition in the HCSBA SOTI. Materials and Methods :retrospective descriptive study, of 6 patients between 2005-2014, we analyzed: sex, age, mechanism of injury, treatment received, recovery time, complications and follow. Results: 83.3 percent were female, the average age was 11.3 years, the damage occurred by: motor vehicle–pedestrian injury (50 percent), traffic accident (33.3 percent) and fall from height (16.7 percent). The treatments were: conservative (83.3 percent) and surgical (16.7 percent), the march began on average at3.6 weeks, months average follow-up was 5.1; complications were inherent to fracture. Discussion: The literature agrees with the results obtained with respect to age, mechanism of injury and treatment. As for the recovery time is not found specific time. Conclusions: The management held in this center is in line with the current evidence.

The vascular and neurogenic factors associated with erectile dysfunction in patients after pelvic fractures

ABSTRACT Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of pelvic fractures. To identify the vascular and neurogenic factors associated with ED, 120 patients admitted with ED after traumatic pelvic fracture between January 2009 and June 2013 were enrolled in this study. All patients answered the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) testing confirmed the occurrence of ED in 96 (80%) patients on whom penile duplex ultrasound and neurophysiological testing were further performed. Of these ED patients 29 (30%) were demonstrated only with vascular abnormality, 41 (42.7%) were detected only with neural abnormality, 26 (27.1%) revealed mixed abnormalities. Of the 55 patients (29+26) with vascular problems, 7 patients (12.7%) with abnormal arterial response to intracavernous injection of Bimix (15mg papaverine and 1mg phentolamine), 31 (56.4%) with corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction and 17 (30.9%) had both problems. Of the 67 (41+26) patients with abnormal neurophysiological outcomes, 51 (76.1%) with abnormal bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR), 20 (29.9%) with pathological pudendal nerve evoked potentials (PDEPs) and 25 (37.3%) with abnormal posterior tibial somatosensory nerve evoked potentials (PTSSEPs). Our observation indicated that neurogenic factors are important for the generation of ED in patients with pelvic fracture; venous impotence is more common than arteriogenic ED.

Forensic Medical Assessment for Neurologic Erectile Dysfunction: 58 Case Reports / 法医学杂志

To introduce the approaches and procedures of neurologic erectile dysfunction (ED) assessment in our institute, and evaluate the neurologic investigation by making an analysis of 58 cases. Diagnostic criteria of neurologic ED: nervous system injuries or diseases, abnormal clinical symptoms and signs, electrophysiological abnormalities of nervous system, abnormal results of nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity (NPTR) (penis rigidity <60% and lasting time <10 minutes). In the group of 20 patients with the injuries of the brain, spinal cord or spinal root nerves, pudendal cortical somatic evoked potential (PCSEP), sacral reflex latency (SRL), pudendal-to-cortical motor evoked potential (PCMEP), penile sym- pathetic skin responses (PSSR) and NPTR showed abnormality by 45%, 20%, 20%, 85% and 85%, re- spectively. In 38 patients with the injuries of pelvic fracture with urethra break, PCSEP, SRL, PCMEP, PSSR and NPTR showed abnormality by 24%, 5%, 20%, 92% and 66%, respectively. In the former, 35% were identified to have severe ED, and 50%, moderate ED; in the latter, 21%, to have severe ED, 13%, medium ED, and 37%, light ED. The approaches and procedures were proved to possess excellent specificity and reliability in the assessment of neurological ED.

Surgical Correction of Pelvic Malunion and Nonunion

Regardless of the method of treatment, as many as 5% of all pelvic fractures result in malunion or nonunion of the pelvis. However, there is not much information in the literature on the management of these late complications. Because they cause disabling symptoms and socioeconomic problems, some patients with malunion or nonunion of pelvic fractures need to undergo surgery. We report our experience with satisfactory results of surgery for pelvic malunion and nonunion in four patients. The key to successful reconstruction is thorough preoperative planning and methodical surgical intervention.

Avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine mimicking a bone tumor: a case report

This is a case of a 17-year-old boy who was admitted to the clinic suffering from right hip-inguinal region pain which began after a soccer match. He had an avulsion fracture in the anterior inferior iliac spine and CT/MR images showed similarities to a bone tumor. These fractures are especially seen in the apophyses which are within the ossification process. The radiological appearance of these fractures during the healing period may be involved with bone tumors. In the control MRI of the patient after one year, the fracture was almost healed completely. Treatment is generally conservative. Good results have been reported with rest, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Familiarity with radiological findings of these avulsion fractures in this region not only protects the patient from invasive procedures but also avoids the involvement of the practitioner in legal consequences resulting from a misdiagnosis of sarcoma

There have been changes in the incidence and epidemiology of pelvic ring fractures in recent decades? / Houve mudanças na incidência e na epidemiologia das fraturas do anel pélvico nas últimas décadas?

The pelvic ring fractures comprise 2 -8% of all skeletal injuries. As the incidence rises to 25% in polytrauma and represents a negative prognostic factor with regard to morbidity and mortality of patients, we sought with this work to establish the profile of these, compared to an alteration in the profile of patients with pelvic ring fractures in recent decades. To this end, we evaluated the epidemiological profile, mechanism of injury and types of fractures. By reviewing the literature indexed in the databases related to the theme, 20 papers were selected that contained the requirements for the study. For the period between January 1987 and December 1999 (first decade), and another period in January 2000 and December 2010 (second decade), data were analyzed by Mann -Whitney test. The ratings Tile, Young and Burgess AO were adequate to permit their categorization. The research in each decade was homogeneous. At first the lesions were more prevalent in men with 62.5% with a tendency to reverse this pattern given the increase of women in the second decade (p = 0.286). The average age in the first decade was 39.3 years, an increase in the second (p = 0.068). The most prevalent mechanisms of trauma were related to traffic in both periods as well as fractures classified as type A (p = 0.203 and p = 0.457, respectively), having mortality rates decreased (p = 0.396). We conclude that there was a tendency to increase in the average age of patients (p = 0.068); however the increasing involvement of women (p = 0.286) and decreased mortality (p = 0.396) were not significant.

As fraturas do anel pélvico compõem de 2% a 8% de todas as lesões do esqueleto, incidência que sobe para 25% nos politraumatizados e representa fator prognóstico negativo no que diz respeito à morbidade e à mortalidade. Buscou-se com este trabalho estabelecer se houve mudança do perfil desses pacientes nas últimas décadas e por que ela ocorreu. Para tanto, avaliaram-se epidemiologia, mecanismo de trauma e tipos de fratura, por revisão bibliográfica nas bases de dados indexadas relacionadas ao tema, selecionados 20 trabalhos que continham os requisitos para o estudo. O período entre janeiro de 1987 e dezembro de 1999 (primeira década) e outro de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2010 (segunda década) foram analisados e comparados estatisticamente pelo Teste de Mann-Whitney. As classificações de Tile, Young Burgess e AO foram adequadas para permitir sua categorização. As pesquisas em cada uma das décadas foram homogêneas. Na primeira, as lesões foram mais prevalentes em homens, com 62,5%, com tendência a inversão desse padrão, dado o aumento de mulheres acometidas na segunda década (p = 0,286). A média de idade na primeira década era de 39,3 anos e revelou um aumento na segunda (p = 0,068). Os mecanismos de trauma mais prevalentes foram aqueles relacionados ao tráfego nos períodos, assim como as fraturas classificadas como do tipo A (p = 0,203ep= 0,457, respectivamente). Os índices de mortalidade diminuíram (p = 0,396). Conclui-se que houve tendência ao aumento na média de idade dos pacientes (p = 0,068). Já o crescente acometimento das mulheres (p = 0,286) e a diminuição da mortalidade (p = 0,396) não foram significantes. .

Acetabulum and pelvis fractures: a retrospective study

Fractured acetabulum and pelvis are serious injuries. In the last century, conservative treatment was the most common. Conservative approach carries high incidence of morbidity and mortality. Over the last two decades, operative treatment has become the treatment of choice. The aim of this study is to compare the outcome of conservative and operative treatment of fractured acetabulum and pelvis. A retrospective study. Salmaniya Medical Complex [SMC], Bahrain. The hospital records and radiographic images for all patients with fractured acetabulum and pelvis admitted to SMC from January 2000 to March 2005 were reviewed. Eighty-one patients were included in the study, 61 males and 20 females with a mean age of 41 years [ranges from 18 to 68]. Patients under the age of 18 years were excluded. Injuries were classified according to Tile's comprehensive classification. The main causes for injuries were as follows: 40 [49.4%] patients due to a fall from height and 37 [45.7%] due to road traffic accidents [RTA]. Sixty-five out of 66 were treated conservatively from January 2000 to July 2004. Ten out of 15 were treated operatively from August 2004 to March 2005. The operated group had early mobilization, less complications and shorter hospital stay. Operative treatment for acetabulum and pelvis fractures is technically demanding, but it has better outcome than conservative treatment

Treatment Outcomes of Open Pelvic Fractures Associated with Extensive Perineal Injuries

BACKGROUND: The main causes of death in patients with open pelviperineal injuries are uncontrollable bleeding and pelvic sepsis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management outcomes of open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 15 cases with open pelvic fractures associated with extensive perineal injuries (urethral and anal canal laceration) admitted between August 2006 and September 2010. Mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, associated injuries, hemodynamic status on arrival, resuscitation and transfusion requirements, operative techniques, intra- and postoperative complications, length of intensive care unit and hospital stay, and mortality were recorded in a computerised database for further evaluation and analysis. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 12:3 with an average age of 38.6 years (ranged, 11 to 65 years). The average packed red blood cell units used were 8 units (ranged, 4 to 21 units). All patients were initially transferred to the operating room for colostomy, radical debridement and fixation of the pelvic fracture by an external fixator. One patient had acute renal failure, which improved with medical treatment and 2 patients (13.3%) died, one with type III anteroposterior compression fracture due to hemorrhagic shock and the other due to septicemia. CONCLUSIONS: Open pelvic fractures with extensive perineal injuries are associated with high mortality rates. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, including reanimation, colostomy, cystostomy, vigorous and repeated irrigation and debridement, and fixation by an external fixator can improve the outcomes and reduce the mortality rate.